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Production Capitalism vs. Financial Capitalism - Symbiosis and Parasitism. An Evolutionary Perspective.

A workshop-conference to be held in Oslo, September 3-4, 1998.

Prolegomenon and Bibliography.

Erik S. Reinert & Arno Mong Daastøl arno@daastol.com

Published as working paper by SUM, 1999.

Organised by Norsk Investorforum, Oslo & SUM-
Centre for Development and Environment, University of Oslo.

Financial issues are far from being at the core of evolutionary economics. The evolutionary focus has been on the production of goods and services (on what Schumpeter called the Güterwelt), not on money. This has, no doubt, been the right emphasis, particularly as much of our economic policy - both in the First and in the Third World - is still based on what Schumpeter called ‘the pedestrian view that it is capital per se which propels the capitalist engine.’ The view of evolutionary economics on finance has tended to be in line with what the same author, Schumpeter, saw as one conclusion from Antonio Serra’s 1613 book: ‘If the economic process as a whole functions properly, the monetary element will take care of itself and not require any specific therapy.’ However, in the context of the late 1990’s, the financial system seems to intrude into the economic process in a way that is qualitatively different from before. This, we feel, raises the need to discuss the relationship between evolutionary economics and finance.

The conference is dedicated to the relationship between production capitalism and financial capitalism - between the sphere of goods and the sphere of money, between innovation and finance - in all its aspects; e.g. historical, theoretical, technological, or in terms of its effect on the distribution of income or on the clustering of innovations; within nations or internationally. This discussion is an old one, but of renewed relevance.

The relationship between production capitalism and financial capitalism is reflected in the old German distinction between ‘schaffendes Kapital’ (creative capital) and ‘raffendes Kapital’ (grabbing capital). Hilferding’s Finanzkapital from 1912 is a classic in this field. This same issue was also much discussed in 19th Century United States, when foreign (i.e. English) capital tended to be 'bad' capital and domestic capital was 'good' capital. South East Asians today will probable share this view on the roles of foreign vs. domestic capital. In his Treatise on Money (1931) Keynes sees depressions as arising when money is shifted from ‘industrial circulation’ into the ‘financial circulation’. This is again an observation that seems to fit the present situation as well. A few years later, in 1936, Harold Macmillan complained about his own party being dominated by Casino Capitalism. Today a similar distinction is found in Bill Lazonick’s ‘wealth creation’ vs. ‘wealth extraction.’ At the same time, the English Telegraph recently estimated the market for financial derivatives around twice the world GNP in size. Other estimates are even higher. Perhaps this is a good time to reread Keynes.

The aim of the conference is to contribute to public policy by attempting to answer some fundamental questions regarding the relationship between financial capitalism and production capitalism:

1. What can theory and history contribute in terms of an operational delimitation between ‘Production Capitalism’ and ‘Financial Capitalism’?
2. What have been the most efficient policy measures – in tax policy, industrial policy or otherwise - in channelling financial flows into ‘industrial circulation’ (of course also including services) rather than into ‘financial circulation’?
3. To what extent is the present Asian crisis a 'typical' bubble? (The term bubble was coined during the financial crisis in 1720, which was the first truly international financial crisis.) What is new about today's situation, and what are recurrent elements of all financial crises through the ages?
4. What are the relationships between discontinuities in technological change – systemic paradigm shifts – and financial crisis? Do financial bubbles tend to appear at a similar point in the technological trajectory? If so, what are the mechanisms at work?
5. How do financial cracks change the distribution of income and wealth – nationally and internationally? The 1929 crack provides and interesting case on how different sectors are affected in very different ways. In the United States, industrial labour kept their wages, and the crisis was taken out in terms of unemployment. As a result labour's share of GNP actually rose in the US during the depression, whereas in agriculture the price and wage level fell by around 50%. During recent Latin American crises whole national wage levels behave more like the US agricultural sector than like the US manufacturing sector during The Great Depression. In many nations, the financial adjustment policies have lead to a radical redistribution of GNP away from labour and the self-employed towards profits and the financial sector. In the 1930's labour's share of GNP was around 70 % in the US. In Peru in 1996 profits and the financial sector amounted to about 53 % of GNP. What can be learned from the US experience in terms of protecting real wages during a financial crisis?

Capitalism is, of course, a name for our whole economic system. From the standpoint (of one branch) of evolutionary economics, it could be considered a misnomer. The name does seem to confirm the already quoted ‘pedestrian view’ that capital per se is at the core of the system. The term ‘capitalism’ was first used by the enemies of the system - by German socialists - as a derogatory term. Was the term chosen as a protest against financial speculation? In the spirit of evolutionary economics, a more fitting term would perhaps have been idea-ism: a system which is driven by human ideas and human will, based on conscious rationality, on intuition, perceptiveness, and leadership. The demand for capital is created by these innovative ideas and this human will. Without new ideas, in a state of equilibrium, there would - as Schumpeter pointed out - not be any demand for capital (beyond that covered by depreciation). Capital would have no value and pay no interest. Ideas, then, must come first in order to give capital its value. Thus, the term idea-ism would seem to take priority over capital-ism.

There are times in the history of economics when the profession has attempted to look through ‘the veil of money’ (the title of Pigou’s 1949 book) to capture the real economic forces. Before WW I metaphors like ‘money is a wrapper in which goods come to you’ or ‘money is the garment draped around the body of economic life’ were common. First after the violent disturbances in prices and exchange rates following WW I and then again during the depression of the 1930’s, money - the passive veil - ‘took on the appearance of an active and evil genius’ (Pigou). ‘Money, after being little or nothing, was now everything.’ Although during WW II emphasis was on the real world of equipment, organisation and production, the last 50 years of abstract and formal ‘neo-classical synthesis’ in economics has again covered the world of ideas, leadership, intuition, knowledge and human will in a fairly impenetrable ‘veil of money’. How can the real forces be unveiled and understood to prevent money from again becoming ‘an active and evil genius’ which causes the real economy to collapse?

Production capitalism depends on a working financial system, and clearly innovation in finance often accompany innovations of products and processes. There is, then, often a healthy symbiosis between the worlds of production and finance. However, at certain points in history, this relationship seems to take on a parasitic quality: the financial sector, as compared to the real economy, enters a stage of explosive and disproportionate growth and - as this bubble later bursts - the financial sector severely reduces the size and virility of its ‘host’, i.e. of the real economy (the production of goods and non-financial services). In the serious cases, the national standards of living collapse simultaneously with the collapse of the financial sector. In the United States GNP/capita did not reach its 1928 level again until the middle of WW II.

In the United States, probably more money has been made through the appreciation of real estate than in any other way. What are the long-term consequences if an increasing percentage of savings and wealth, as it now seems, is used to inflate the prices of already existing assets - real estate and stocks - instead of to create new production and innovation? On the other hand, access to production credit is an important problem for the poor in the Third World. This has given rise to microenterprise finance among the poor as a business and as an incipient field of academic inquiry that will be covered at the conference.

As a result of the tendency towards savings being used to prop up the value of already existing assets, do we need a different theory of saving? Ragnar Frisch contributed claimed that ‘saving’ from the point of view of a nation was so different from private savings that a new and different term ought to be invented. ‘A nation’, said Frisch, ‘can only save through arrangements in the productive sphere.’ This would open up for a differentiation between two kinds of savings and capital accumulation - one adding to the ‘real world’ of goods and services, the other just inflating the value of already existing assets. A most important issue is this: What can be learned from previous efforts aiming at taxing financial operations leading towards bubbles, while sheltering productive investment. Is the Tobin tax one answer to our problems? What, if anything, can we learn from the different schemes of the 1930’s which attempted to force savings into productive schemes only, like e.g. Silvio Gesell’s ‘stamped money’ which decreased in value if not productively invested? Like theories of trade, theories of banking seem to lend themselves to an analysis contrasting the Continental (German) approach and the English approach. This contrast in approach between English and Continental theories also applies to 'the social question' which seems to recur - in slightly different versions - with every financial crisis.

Financial bubbles seem to appear in historical periods that are characterised by a zeitgeist giving priority to monetary goals above goals in the real economy; in periods when the tail (the monetary economy) is allowed to wag the dog (the real economy). One example: In the UK after WW I, it was decided to put the pound back on pre-war parity with the dollar. In order to achieve this, UK wages were deliberately forced down in an attempt to make wages match the deflated level of prices. This move caused Keynes for the first time to question the sanity of economic theory, and made him fire the first shot, in 1922, of what was to become the Keynesian Revolution. Today - in order to introduce a common currency - the European Community has set a completely arbitrary figure of 3% budget deficit for nations to qualify. The economies ruled by old-fashioned Latin American dictators – like Stroessner and Duvalier – would have been the first to qualify for the criteria for the European common currency. Just like after WW I in the UK, we seem not to mind adjusting people’s standard of living downwards in order to achieve a monetary goal which has been chosen in a completely arbitrarily manner. The fact that the economy is in the middle of a technological revolution which creates a strong deflationary tendency, makes a policy fundamentally based on the fear of inflation all the more questionable.

The relationship between money and production also raises important philosophical and historical - even anthropological - issues. To German speakers there are, as always, treasures to be rediscovered in the almost forgotten German economic tradition. What did Roscher, Schmoller and Sombart have to say about this problem? Georg Friedrich Knapp and Karl Elster (Die Seele des Geldes - ‘The Soul of Money’, 1920) combine economic theory and monetary theory, finance, law, and philosophical/theoretical issues with political science. (‘Das Geld ist ein Geschöpf der Rechtsordnung’). Schumpeter also contributed to this debate in 1917 with a paper called ‘Das Sozialprodukt und die Rechenpfennige’ and in his book Das Wesen des Geldes (‘The Nature of Money’), written in the late 1920’s, but only published in 1970. Schumpeter here discusses the relationship between the monetary economy and the real economy - between the sphere of money (Geldgrössen und monetäre Vorgänge) and the sphere of goods and services (Güterwelt). His theoretical approach here is very much in line with Schmoller’s - with the holistic tradition of the German historical school.

The history of finance and production goes back to the Codes of Hammurabi in ancient Mesopotamia, where sporadic debt cancellation was an institutionalised mechanism for preventing an increasing concentration of land into a few hands. In modern times there is plenty of literature pointing to financial bubbles and their follies. The famous Dutch tulip mania of 1636-1637 is well documented. Often already the titles of the contemporary books say much: In 1688 a book appeared describing the Amsterdam stock exchange, which was then the world’s leading financial centre. The book, entitled ‘Confusion de Confusiones’, was written in Spanish by a Portuguese Jew, Joseph de la Vega, and published in Amsterdam. In 1720 - after the South Sea Bubble in England and the Mississippi Bubble in France - appeared, among many others on the subject, a large and extravagant book with many plates, under the title ‘The Great Mirror of Folly.’ An important 19th Century contribution to this literature - ‘Extraordinary Popular Delusions and the Madness of Crowds’ by Charles Mackay - appeared in 1841, and was republished in 1980.

The crisis of 1929 was not the last financial crisis which brought down the real economy with it. There are many worrisome signs which point to the need for a better understanding between the sphere of money and the sphere of real goods and services. The standard of living of the average Mexican fell drastically as the result of a financial collapse, the ‘tequilazo’. Capitalism came to Albania in the form of a financial pyramid game, which no one seemingly tried to stop, bringing ruin to a nation which already was the poorest country of Europe by far. The official figures show that the ‘real economy’ in Russia (GNP/capita) has been more than halved since the fall of the Berlin wall, accompanied by a measurable fall in life expectancy. Real wages in Lima, Peru have been reduced by 60 % since 1983. Income distribution in the industrialised world is worsening almost everywhere. Schumpeter’s ‘creative destruction’ also takes on a new meaning – one of financial creativity combined with the destruction of real wealth. One example are buyouts aimed at dismembering assets, running down plant and equipment, ‘dressing up’ earnings; all in the expectation that stock markets will continue to rise so that the assets again can be unloaded.

The relationship between production capitalism and financial capitalism through history can be seen as one of ebbs and flows, of periods of industrial capitalism maturing into financial capitalism, at one point causing a financial crack which prompts the creation of a more restrictive system aimed at reconstructing the 'real' economy, thus starting the cycle all over again. The high tides of financial crises are accompanied by a similar tidal wave of literature. The first truly international financial crash in 1720 caused the production of economic books to increase by a factor of 10 in one year. No doubt the Asian crisis will produce a similar tidal wave. The aim of this workshop-conference is to maximise the learning effects from previous financial crises, minimising the number of wheels that have to be reinvented.
 
 

Production Capitalism and Financial Capitalism: Symbiosis or Parasitism ? A Bibliography.

Compiled by Arno Mong Daastøl on behalf of Norsk Investorforum and SUM - Centre for Development and the Environment, University of Oslo.
 
 
 
 

CONTENTS:

FOREWORD *

ON CLASSIFICATION OF LITERATURE *

1) BOOKS OF GENERAL INTEREST IN THE FIELD *

A) BEFORE 1918: FINANCIAL CAPITALISM. *

I) LITERATURE IN ENGLISH BEFORE 1918 *

II) LITERATURE IN CONTINENTAL LANGUAGES BEFORE 1918 *

III) LITERATURE IN SCANDINAVIAN BEFORE 1918 *

B) BETWEEN 1918 AND 1931 (1945): FINANCIAL CAPITALISM *

II) LITERATURE IN ENGLISH, 1918-1945 *

III) LITERATURE IN CONTINENTAL LANGUAGES, 1918-1945 *

IV) LITERATURE IN SCANDINAVIAN, 1918-1945 *

C) BETWEEN 1931/1945 AND 1971/1982. INDUSTRIAL CAPITALISM (BRETTON WOODS) *

I) LITERATURE IN ENGLISH, 1945-1982 *

II) LITERATURE IN CONTINENTAL LANGUAGES, 1945-1982 *

III) LITERATURE IN SCANDINAVIAN, 1945-1982 *

D) AFTER 1982: TOWARDS FINANCIAL CAPITALISM (AFTER BRETTON WOODS) *

I) LITERATURE IN ENGLISH, AFTER 1982 *

II) LITERATURE IN CONTINENTAL LANGUAGES, AFTER 1982 *

III) LITERATURE IN SCANDINAVIAN, AFTER 1982 *

2) NEW MONETARY SYSTEM MOVEMENTS (1920-1940, in particular): *

TECHNOCRACY-, SOCIAL CREDIT-, AND FREE MONEY *

I) LITERATURE IN ENGLISH *

II) LITERATURE IN CONTINENTAL LANGUAGES *

III) LITERATURE IN SCANDINAVIAN *

APPENDIX: A LIST OF DIGITALISED ARTICLES FROM TECHNOCRATS INTERNET SITE *

Asterisks mark books that are especially recommended.
 
 

FOREWORD

Compiling a bibliography of the relationship between production capitalism and financial capitalism - on how to divert investment from speculation to production - is a complex task. The problem is related to a multitude of other questions of larger or smaller nature. In the more narrow sense of economics it is related to not only finance and manufacturing but also to theories of business cycles, of investment, taxation, growth, stage theories, planning, public goods, infrastructure, value, credit (-creation), debt, rent, money, risk, stability, international banking, globalisation, protection, international politics, power, currency policy, international seniorage, balance of trade, etc. Financial regulations in periods of war are particularly interesting in this regard, since in times of war these regulations tend to focus intensely on production. Finance has often been seen as the ultimate instrument of power in periods both of war and of peace.

Although any definition is subjective, we suggest the following definition of speculation: Speculation is selling and buying for profits detached from real production. This contrasts to the hedging deals in currency trade as a part of a transaction of real products and services.

However, speculation is also a highly essential part of almost any economic activity related to trade. Since trade is essential for every economic system including barter based economic systems, speculation is essential for economic activity in general. Speculation in its positive aspects is an activity that potentially makes the economic system more efficient. By comparing prices and acting accordingly a speculator may introduce competition into a system of rigid or local prices. Speculation will thereby act in parallell with communication, levelling out price differentials. Potentially therefore, speculation may make the economic system far more efficient. Nevertheless, the basis of wealth will still be production. Without production there will be nothing to speculate from or about. Without speculation there will most certainly still be production, although less efficient: more rigid. Speculation is therefore secondary to production.

Speculation and in fact the whole financial system is ideally a lubricator of the economic system of which production is the engine itself. In any engine the amount of lubricator must be closely monitored and adjusted to the size and other aspects of the engine. So too in economics. Metaphorically speaking, if the amount of lubricator becomes excessive, the engine will "drown" – in oil or whatever lubricator. If speculation takes on too large relative proportions the economic system will become too "fluid" – to continue our metaphor - or with a more commonly used term "unstable". Such instability may interfere with the long-term stability that production is dependent upon. Therefore, it may be beneficial for the economic system at large to curb the amount of financial fluidity or efficiency. This may be done in many ways too complex to be dug into in this introduction. But in essence, we must choose instruments so that the economic system performs less rigidly without becoming too fluid.

Under financial capitalism, finance regulates itself and national authorities are more prone to follow the dictates of the financial interests; bankers, fund managers etc. Under industrial capitalism, finance is under the dictates of national political authorities, democratically elected or not, through regulations of various kinds. On the theoretical level this regulation blocks the efficiency of the financial system itself. However, in real terms successful regulations may increase the efficiency of the total socio-economic system since the efficiency of production is increased by directing capital away from short term financial investments towards long term investments in productive assets. In other words, regulation may push investments away from pure and sterile financial investments or consumption and into long term "real" productive investments in activities related to production, communication, infrastructure, research, education, and health. From the standpoint of political economy or "nationalist economics" the former type would represent zero-sum investments whereas the latter would represent positive sum investments. This problem is an old one. In order to rescue the Roman Empire from moral decay and physical deterioration, Caesar and Augustus severely restricted speculation, interest and the activities of finance in general, through waves of political reforms, in the 1^st Century BC and AD. Louis XI and Henry VII were to follow their example 14 Centuries later, and F.D.Roosevelt another 5 Centuries after that. Today the Asian crisis again raises these same questions.
 
 

ON CLASSIFICATION OF LITERATURE

The classification of literature below is intended to point out important literature in the field concerningthe problem of diverting investment from speculation to production, as well as to establish a systematic perspective referring to historical periods. As noted, the categories "financial-" and "industrial capitalism" are terms that refer to how strong financial affairs are regulated by national political authorities. Using time as the classification criterion therefore points to the changing character of this debate through the past centuries.

The first category is split chronologically in order highlight the fluctuations in the production of literature. The delineation of periods is based on the dominating trend within the global financial system.

The second major category, "new monetary system movements", could largely be grouped into the chronological section 1918-1945 but constitutes a tradition which stands out by itself and breaks this chronological categorisation. We believe a better perspective of this tradition is gained by separating this tradition from the rest of the literature. The reason is that on several points these movements converge. Not only do they all intend to solve the post WW I economic crisis of instability, unemployment and social misery and strife. They do also propose more or less similar solutions to this prolonged crisis. It turns out that the most famous of these reformers, J.M.Keynes, was more the visible surface of a great wave than the originator of the wave itself. The reformers saw the problem as primarily connected to the monetary system, concerning in particular credit. The titles of three books are revealing of the general intent of the general movement: Robert Eisler’s Stable Money (1932), Brynjolf Bjørseth’s Distribute or Destroy (1934) and Major Douglas’ The Monopoly of Credit (1931). The depression was seen as a kind of constipation of the economy caused by a lack of proper circulation of credit and money as lubricants in the economic machinery. The solution was seen as a politically administrated distribution of these lubricants to the public in general. The differences between the various reformers reflect the different suggestions of how to carry this out in practice.
 
 

LANGUAGES:

For practical purposes the literature is classified into different language groups. The subsection Scandinavia is a reflection of the ethnocentricity of this author. The classification into languages is, of course, also a classification in terms of cultural areas. In particular the European continental nations have a different more nationalistic tendency (favouring political control), whereas the Anglo-Saxon countries have a more market-oriented policy (favouring banking control). The latter is the normal and accepted view today. However - from an historical point of view - this is a fairly recent phenomenon, indeed a post WW II and even a post 1970s phenomenon. In particular, the United States followed a much more nationalist policy during periods of the 19^th Century and in the 1931-1963 era. This goes for Britain as well in several periods, the last being the partly successful attempt to revive mercantilism a Century ago and to some degree the Labour dominated post-WW II period.

CHRONOLOGY:

Chronologically, important watersheds in this Century are 1931 and 1971. Before 1931, we find a system dominated by financial capitalism but with important islands of industrial capitalism, for instance in the US, Germany, Russia, and Japan. The years 1931 to 1971 are characterised a period of industrial capitalism, starting with New Deal in the US and ending with the downfall of the Bretton Woods system.

The year 1918 is also chosen as a dividing line since this year to changes the nature of some of the islands of industrial capitalism: Russia, and Germany. Whereas the typical credit policy of production capitalism lost weight in the USA with the assassination of President McKinley in 1901, Japan kept following this policy practically to this day, or perhaps until the late 1980s. The period 1918-1931 is characterised as a period of financial capitalism with an intense debate around the question of the very structure of the financial system itself. Since this debate does not stop in 1931 but continues until WW II, the end of the category is for practical reasons chosen in 1945.

The years 1931-1971 were a period of industrial capitalism under various political regimes. The literature in the period 1931-1940 (1945), however, continues the debate from the preceding years and it therefore convenient to group these sub-periods together.

Literature in the period 1945-1971 is generally dominated by a discussion within the frames of the Bretton Woods system. This focused on the necessity of regulation based on the experience with unregulated markets before the crash of 1929 and the devastating consequences to real production and consumption as well as to international peace.

Increasingly, however, the urge to liberalise markets was to make its way. Internationally this was brought about by actions of the French and British governments, in particular. This led to the establishment of offshore dollar markets outside national control during the 1960s. The downfall of Bretton Woods in 1971 was only the most visible sign of the increased focus on liberalisation. As the period comes closer to the time of writing (1998), the principles of financial capitalism are increasing their influence. Financial capitalism is again on top. Concerning the literature, however, 1982 is chosen as a more appropriate dividing line since the effects of the new international regime took time to manifest themselves. Accordingly, neither did the literature react instantly. A better delineation of categories is reached with the Peso-crisis in Mexico in 1982, since this also more closely corresponds to the first effects of the free-trade, free-capital flow policy of the Thatcher and Reagan revolutions.

What is particularly striking about the literature is, firstly, the great flood of literature on monetary and financial issues in the period between the world wars, between 1918 and 1935, in particular. Secondly, what is striking is the increasing amount of literature after the debt crisis hit Mexico in 1982 and again after Black October in Wall Street in 1987, Tokyo early 1990s, Mexico 1994, Barings, Schneider, Orange County, Credit Lyonnais etc., all of the early 1990s. The recent 1997-1998 Southeast Asian crisis - in particular in Thailand, Korea, the Philippines, and Malaysia - is sure to leave the same marks in any list of literature on financial and monetary issues. This is a repetition of the flow of literature after any such event throughout history such as the (more or less international) financial crises in 241 BC, 50 BC, 1345 AD, 1637, 1720, 1858, 1873, 1890, 1907,1924,1929 1958, 1973 etc.
 
 
 
 

1. BOOKS OF GENERAL INTEREST IN THE FIELD

 

A) BEFORE 1918: FINANCIAL CAPITALISM.

1. LITERATURE IN ENGLISH BEFORE 1918

 

 

Early financial literature can be found in the printed catalogues of The Kress Library at Harvard Business School (4 volumes) and of the Goldsmiths Library at the University of London (4 volumes). Both libraries contain economic literature published before 1850. The entries are chronological, and financial literature is listed annually under that heading.
 
 

(.?.) (1802). The new pocket Hoyle, containing the games of whist, quadrille…. and speculation: accurately displaying the rules and practice, as admitted and established by the first players in the Kingdom. – London: Wynne & Scholey, Voortitel: Hoyle’s games of whist… & speculation.

(.?.). (1822). A letter to Lord Liverpool, on the fallacy of considering the late and present extensive shipments of British-manufactured goods as indicative of any thing else than a spirit of speculation in our merchants, which will speedily produce ruin to our manufacturers, London: Whittaker

(.?.). (1825). Copy of Bubble Act, 6 Geo. I. C. 18: notes relating to praemunire: draft bill proposed to be introduced by Mr. Peter Moore for the amendment of the Bubble Act, and for the prevention of frauds in the establishment of joint stock Companies, [London]: Wilks & Verbeke

(.?.). (1885). Circulating capital: being an inquiry into the fundamental laws of money / an essay by an East India merchant. – London: Paul, Trench

(.?.). (1913). Speculation on the New York Stock Exchange, September, 1904-March, 1907, Algernon Ashburner Osborne. New York: Columbia University Press, (Studies in history, economics, and public law of Columbia University, vol. 56, no. 1; whole no. 137)

Ainsworth, William Harrison. (1868). The south-sea bubble: a tale of the year 1720 Copyright ed. – Leipzig: Tauchnitz, (ollection of British authors, vol. 989-990)

Alvord, Clarence Walworth. (1917). The Mississippi Valley in British politics: a study of the trade, land speculation, and experiments in imperialism culminating in the American Revolution. – Cleveland: Arthur H. Clark company

Andreades, A. (1909). History of the Bank of England, London: P.S.King and Son

Angell, Norman. (1912). The money game: how to play it: a new instrument of economic education, London [etc.]: Dent

Ashburton, Lord. (1847). The financial and commercial crisis considered, 4^th ed. London: John Murray

Ashley, William James. (1903). The Tariff problem, London: P.S.King

Ashley, William James. (1912). Gold and prices, London

Atkey, Bertram. (1908). Easy money: the genuine book of Henry Mitch, his diligent search for other folk’s wealth, and his urgent fear of the feminine, illustrated by G. L. Stampa. – London: Grant Richards Listed as 1^st edition by bookseller.

Attfield, J.B. (1893). English and Foreign Banks, London

Bagehot, Walter. (). A practical plan for assimilating the English and American money as a step towards a universal money,

* Bagehot, Walter. (1873). Lombard Street: a description of the money market, New and cheaper ed., London: Kegan Paul, Trench. Trübner & Co.1896, New ed. With an introd. By Hartley Withers, London, 1910

Bagehot, Walter. (1875). A New Standard of Value, The Economist, November 20, 1875, reprinted in the Economic Journal, volume 2 (1892)

Bastable, Charles Francis… [et al.]. (19XX). The money problems of the world: course of reading on money exchange and finance – London [etc.]: Encyclopaedia Britannica, (The Britannica Home University, first series 2)

Beccaria, M.C. (). A Discourse on Public Economy and Commerce, by the Marquis Caesar Beccaria Bonesaria

Bell. (1840). The philosophy of joint stock banking, London

Botero, Giovanni. (1606). A Treatise Concerning The Causes of the Magnificency and Greatness of Cities, Divided into three books by Sig. Giovanni Botero in the Italian Tongue, now done into English by Robert Peterson

Bowen, Francis. (1870). American Political Economy,

Brace, H.H. (1913). Valuation of organized speculation, Boston [etc.]

Bryce, Viscount James. (1893). The American Commonwealth, NewYork: Macmillan

Carey, Henry Charles. (1837). Principles of Political Economy, Philadelphia Penn.:Carey, Lea & Blanchard

* Carey, Henry Charles. (1838). The Credit System of France, Great Britain and the United States, Philadelphia Penn. Carey, Lea & Blanchard

Carey, Henry Charles. (1848). The Past, the Present, and the Future, London: Longman, Brown, Green and Longman’s (MU EAC 583)

Carey, Henry Charles. (1851). Harmony of Interests. Agricultural, Manufacturing & Commercial, 1851, Augustus M. Kelley Publishers, New York 1967

Carey, Henry Charles. (1858-59). Principles of Social Science, 3 vols., Lipincott, Phil. (se Schumpeter s.516)

* Carey, Henry C. (1864). Financial crisis: their causes and effects, Philadelphia: Henry Carey Baird

Child, Josiah. (1668). Brief Observations Concerning Trade and Interest of Money, London, Printed for Elizabeth Calvert at the Black-spread Eagle in Barbican, and Henry Mortlock at the Sign of the White-Heart in Westminster Hall City Man, a. (see: Meason, Malcolm R.L)

Clare, George. (1900). A Money Market Primer, 2.ed., London

Conant, C.A. (1905). The principles of money and banking, New York [etc.]: Harper

Conway Jr., Thomas, in collab. With Albert W. Atwood. (1913). Investment and speculation: a description of the modern money market and analysis of the factors determining the value of securities, [New ed.]. – New York: Alexander Hamilton Institute, 1.ed. (1911) verscheen als: Modern business, VII.

Cortelyou, Geo. B. et al.. (1908). Lessons of the financial crisis, Philadelphia: The annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, American Academy of Political and Social Science, ISSN 0002-7162, Vol. 31, 2

Crump, Arthur. (1901). The theory of stock speculation, ed. By S.A. Nelson. Burlington, VT: Fraser, cop.1983. Reprint. Originally published: New York: Nelson, (Nelson’s Wall Street library, vol.3). ISBN 0-87034-068-9

Cunningham, Audrey. (1910). British credit in the last Napoleonic war, with an appendix containing a reprint of Des finances de l’Angleterre by H. Lasalle. – Cambridge: University press (Girton college studies no. 11)

Cunningham, William. (1891). The use and the abuse of money, London:University extension manuals

Cunningham, William. (1905). The Rise and Decline of the Free Trade Movement, Cambridge

Cunningham, William. (1909). The moral witness of the church on the investment of money and the use of wealth: an open letter addressed to his Grace the Archbishop of Canterbury, President of the Convocation of the Province of Canterbury, Cambridge: University Press Easton. (1896). Banks and Banking, London

Easton. (1900). The Works of a Bank, London

Emery, Henry Crosby. (1896). Speculation on the Stock and Produce Exchanges of the United States, New York, (Studies in history, economics and public law / Columbia University. Faculty of Political Science, vol. 7, nr. 2)

Evans, D. Morier. (1864). Speculative notes and notes on speculation, ideal and real, London Fawcett, Henry. (1863). Manual of Political Economy, London

Fisher, E.D. (1918). After war credit: an outlook, Detroit

Fisher, Irving (1914). Why is the dollar shrinking?

Fowler, William. (1866). The crisis of 1866: a financial essay, London: Longmans, Green

Gervaise, Isaac. (1720). The System or Theory of the Trade of the World. Treating Of the different Kinds of Value Of the Ballances of Trade Of Exchange Of Manufactures Of Companies And shewing the Pernicious Consequences of Credit, and that it destroys the Purpose of National Trade, London: Printed by H. Woodfall; and Sold by J. Roberts, near the Oxford-Arms in Warwick-Lane MDCCXX (Price Sixpence)

Giffen, Robert. (1880-1890). Essays in Finance, 1^st ser. London 1880, 2^nd ser. London 1890

Giffen, Robert. (1904). Economic Inquiries and Studies, 2 vols., London

Gibbons, J.S.. (1858). The banks of New-York: their dealers, the clearing house, and the panic of 1857, with a financial chart, ill. By Herrick. – New York: D. Appleton & Co

Gilbert. (1856). A practical treatise on banking, I-II, 6.ed.,

Gilbert. (1871). Principles and practice of banking, I-II, 7.ed., London

Hamilton, Alexander. (1791). The Reports of Alexander Hamilton, I-IV, edited by E.Cooke, New York: The University Library, Harper & Row, 1964, Part I: Report Relative to a Provision for Support of Public Credit, Jamuary 1790, Part II: The Second Report of the Further Provision Necessary for Establishing Public Credit (Report on a National Bank), December 13, 1790, Part III: Opinion on the Constitutionality of the Bank, February 23, 1791, Part IV: Report on Manufactures, December 5, 1791

Hamilton, Alexander and James Madison, John Jay. (1791). The Federalist, Chicago: Great Books of the Western World, no.43, Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 1952

Hammurabi. (2500 BC). The Code of Hammurabi, Translated by L. W. King, with commentary from Charles F. Horne, Ph.D. (1915) and The Eleventh Edition of the Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1910- by the Rev. Claude

Hermann Walter Johns, M.A. Litt.D. The Code of Hammurabi Introduction Charles F. Horne, Ph.D. 1915.

Hardcastle. (1842). Banks and Bankers, London
 
 

Hartnoll, John Hooper. (1853). A letter to the Right Hon. E. Cardwell M.P., President of the Board of Trade ,on the inoperative character of the joint stock companies’ registration act, as a means of preventing the formation of bubble assurance companies, or of regulating the action of those honourable and legitimately instituted- 2^nd ed. – London: W.S.D. Pateman

Harvey, James. (1865). The exchequer note versus the sovereign: the great want of the country, a state paper money expanding with population and wealth, Liverpool [etc.]: Howell [etc.]

Henry, F. (19XX). The theory of money, or it is a fine day to-day, London: Staples Press

Hewins, W.A.S. (1892). English Trade and Finance, Chiefly in the Seventeenth Century, London

Hewins, W.A.S. (1901). Imperialism and the Probable Effects of the Commercial Policy of the United Kingdom, London & Germany

Hewins, W.A.S. (1919). The Apologia of an Imperialist: Forty Years of Empire Policy (1889-1929), 2 vols., London

Hilferding. (1912). Finance Capital: A Study of the Latest Phase of Capitalist Development, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, translated from the original in German, Das Finanzkapital, 1912

Hobson, John A. (1889). Physiology of Industry,(With A.F.Mummery), London: Murray, Reprinted 1970

Hobson, John A. (1894). The Evolution in Modern Capitalism, London: Walter Scott

Hobson, John A. (1890) The Economics of Distribution, New York: Macmillan

Hobson, John A. (1901). The Social Problem, London: Nisbet

* Hobson, John A. (1902). Imperialism, A Study, London: Nisbet

Hobson, John A. (1909). The Crisis of Liberalism, (ed. P.F.Clarke), Brighton: Harvester Press

* Hobson, John A. (1909). The Industrial System, an inquiry into earned and unearned income, London: Longman, Reprinted 1969

Hobson, John A. (1911). The Science of Wealth, 4^th edn, with preface by R.F.Harrod, Oxford: Home University Library

Hobson, John A. (1911). An Economic Interpretation of Investment, London: Financial Review of Reviews

Hobson, John A. (1914). Work and Wealth, a human valuation, London: Macmillan

Hobson, John A. (1916). The new protectionism,

Hobson, John A. (19??). Towards international government, Reprinted 1971

Hume, David. (1752). Essay on Commerce,

Hume, David. (1752). Of Money,

Hume, David. (?). Of Interest

Hume, David. (?). Of the Balance of Trade

Hume, David. (?). Of Taxes

Ingram, John Kells. (1915). A History of Political Economy, 2 ed., London: Black, 1923

Jevons, W. Stanley. (1910). Money and the mechanism of exchange, 23th ed. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Truebner (The international scientific series, vol. 17)

* Keynes, J.M. (1914). War and the Financial System, The Economic Journal, Vol.XXIV, August 1914, pp.460-486

Kirkaldy, A.W. (1915). Credit, industry, and the war: being reports and other matter presented to the section of economic science and statistics of the British association for the advancement of science, with a preface by H.R. Scott, London

Lauderdale, Lord. (1804). An Inquiry into the Nature and Origin of Public Wealth and Into the Causes of its Increase, Edinburgh: Arch.Constable, London: / T.N.Reeman & O.Rees, 1804. Reprint by Augustus Kelley, New York 1967 (the author’s name is James Maitland)

Lenin,V.I. (1917). Imperialism: the Highest Stge of Capitalism, reprint, Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1959

List, Friedrich. (1827). Outlines of American Political Economy, Samuel Parker, Philadelphia (110)

List, Friedrich. (1837). The Natural System of Political Economy, English ed.1927, (transl. W.O.Henderson), London: Frank Cass, 1983.

* List, Friedrich. (1837). The National System of Political Economy, Phil.: Lippincott & Co., 1856, London: Longmans Green, 1928

Locke, John . (1691). Some Considerations of the Consequences of the Lowering of Interest and the Raising the Value of Money, In a letter sent to a Member of Parliament, London: Printed for Awnsham and John Churchill, at the Black Swan in Pater-Noster-Row

Locke, John. (after 1692). Further Considerations Concerning Raising the Value of Money Wherein Mr Lowndes’s Arguments for it in his late Report concerning An Essay for the Amendment of Silver Coins, are particularly Examined, To the Right Honorable Sir John Sommers, Kt. Lord Keeper of the great Seal of England, and one of His Majesties most Honourable Privy Council

Longfield, Mountiford. (1834) Lectures on Political Economy, reprint, London: London School of Political Science, 1931

* Mackay, Charles. (1841). Memoirs of Extraordinary Popular Delusions and the Madness of Crowds, reprint, Boston: L.C.Page and Co, 1935,1980.

Macleod. (1896). History of the Banking of all Naitons. I-IV, Vol. II and IV, Library edition Macleod. (1855-56). The Theory and Practice of Banking, I-II

Maitland, James (see: Lauderdale, Lord )

Malthus, T.R. (1815). An Inquiry into the Nature and Progress of Rent, and the Principles by which it is regulated. By Rev. T.R. Malthus, Professor of History and Political Economy In the East India College, Hertfordshire London, Printed for John Murray, Albemarle Street 1815

Malynes, Gerard de. (1622). The Maintenance of Free Trade, According to the Three Essentiall Parts of Traffique; Namely Commodities, Moneys and Exchange of Moneys, by Bills of Exchanges for otherCountries. Or answer to a Treatise of Free Trade, or the meanes to make Trade floushish, lately Published. Contraria iuxta se Pofita magis Elucescunt. By Gerard Malynes Merchant. London, Printed by I.L. for William Shefford, and are to be sold at his shop, at the entring in of Popes head Allie out of Lumbard Street, 1622

Mar, Alexander Del. (1885). A history of money in ancient countries from the earliest times to the present, London: Bell

Mar, Alexander Del. (1886). Money and civilization: or, A history of the monetary laws and systems of various states since the Dark Ages, and their influence upon civilization, London: Bell

(Meason, Malcolm R.L.). (1865). The bubbles of finance: joint-stock companies, promoting of companies, modern commerce, money lending, and life insuring, by a City man, London, A City man =. Malcolm R.L. Meason

McKinley, William. (). Tariff in the Days of Henry Clay and Since, an Exhaustive Review of Our Tariff Legislation from 1812-1895,

Michie. (1882). The history principles and practice of banking, 2.ed.,

Minor, U. (1891). On the science and practice of stock exchange speculation, London

Mises, Ludvig von. (1912). The Theory of Money and Credit, London: Jonathan Cape, English transl., 1934 of Theorie des Geldes und der Umlaufsmittel, 2^nd ed. 1924 with introd. By Lionel Robbins, reprint 1953, and 1971 by The Foundation for Economic Education, New York

Misselden, Edward. (1622). Free Trade or, The Meanes To Make Trade Florish. Wherein, The Causes of the Decay of Trade in this Kingdome, are discovered: And the Remedies also to remoove the same, are represented. Propertius, nauita de ventis, de tauris narrat arator: Enumerat miles vulnera, pastor oues. London, Printed by John Legatt, for Simon Waterson, dwelling in Paules Church-yard at the Signe of the Crowne. 1622 by Edward Misselden To the Prince.

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Rule of our Treasure , Written by Thomas Mun of Lond. Merchant, and now published for the Common good by his son John Mun of Bearsted in the County of Kent, Esquire. London, Printed by J.G. for Thomas Clark, and are to be sold at his Shop at the South entrance of the Royal Exchange, 1664 To the Right Honourable, Thomas Earl of South-Hampton, Lord High Treasurer of England, Lord Warden of the New Forrest, Knight of the most Noble Order of the Garter, and one of his Majesty’s most Honourable Privy Council. My Lord, I Present this ensuing Treatise to your Lordship as its proper Patron, to whom, by vertue of your great Trust (the greatest, doubtless, in this Kingdome) the management of his Majesty’s Treasure, and improvement of his Revenue, are most peculiarly committed.
 
 

Newton, Isaac. (1712-1717). Representations on the Subject of Money. Representation first to the Right Honourable the Earl of Oxford and Earl of Mortimer, Lord High Treasurer of Great Britain. May it please Your Lordship

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* Patten, Simon N. (1885). The Premises of Political Economy Being a Re-Examination of Certain FundamentalPrinciples of Economic Science, Philadelphia: Lippincott Co.

Petty, William. (1662). A Treatise of Taxes & Contributions, shewing the Nature and Measures of Crown Lands, Assessments, Customs, Poll-Money, Lotteries, Benevolence, Penalties, Monopolies, Offices, Tythes, Raising of Coins, Harth-Money, Excize, etc. With several intersperst Discourses and Digressions concerning Warres, The Church, Universities, Rents & Purchases, Usury & Exchange, Banks & Lombards, Registries for Conveyances, Beggars, Ensurance, Exportation of Money & Wool, Free-ports, Coins, Housing, Liberty of Conscience, etc. The Same being frequently applied to the present State and Affairs of Ireland, London: Printed for N. Brooke, at the Angel in Cornhill

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Pigou, A.C. (1905). Principles & methods of industrial industrial peace, London: Macmillan

Pigou, A.C. (1912). Wealth and welfare, London: Macmillan

Pigou, A.C. (1913). Unemployment, London: Williams and Norgate

Pigou, A.C. (1916). A.C. Pigou, The economy and finance of the war: being a discussion of the real costs of the war and the way in which they should be met, London: Dent

Pike, James S. (1867). The financial crisis: its evils and their remedy, New York: [s.n.], From: New York Tribune.

Price, Hilton. (1901). Handbook of London Bankers, with some account of their predecessors, the early goldsmiths, London

* Proudhon, P.J. (1840). What is Property?, English translation 1898, reprinted in London: William Reeves, 1969

Quelch, H. (1895). The bimetallic bubble, London: Twentieth Century

Rae, John. (1834). The Sociological Theory of Capital, edited, with biographical sketch and notes, by Charles Whitney Mixter, Ph.d. reprinted by Macmillian, New York 1905

* Roscher, Wilhelm. (1849). Die Produktionskrisen, mit besonderer Rücksicht auf die letzen Jahrzente in die Gegenwart, Brockhaus

* Roscher, Wilhelm. (1861). Ansichten der Volkswirtschaft

* Roscher, Wilhelm. (1877). Principles of Economics, Chicago: Callaghan and Co. 1878, reprint 1882

* Ruskin, John. (1857,1862). The Political Economy of Art, Unto this Last, Essays on Political Economy, Reprinted in one volume by Everyman’s Library, London: J.M.Dent, New York: Dutton 1907

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* Simmel, Georg. (1907). The Philosophy of Money, translated by Tom Bottomore and David Frisby, Boston, etc.: Routledge 1978,1982

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* Steuart, Sir James. (1767). An Inquiry into the Principles of Political Economy being an Essay on the Science of Domestic Policy in Free Nations. In which are particularly considered Population, Agriculture, Trade, Industry, Money, Coin, Interest, Circulation, Banks, Exchange, Public Credit, and Taxes, by Sir James Steuart, Bart. Ore trabit quodcumque potest atque addit acervo. Hor. Lib. I. Sat. 1 in Two Volumes. London: Printed for A. Millar, and T. Cadell, in the Strand. MDCCLXVII

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Swift, Jonathan (1732). A Proposal For an Act of Parliament, To Pay off the Debt of the Nation, Without Taxing the Subject, by which the Number of landed Gentry, and substantial Farmers will be considerably encreased and no one Person will be the poorer, or contribute one Farthing to the Charge. By A--- P---, Esq; Dublin: Printed in the Year MDCCXXXII

Swift, Jonathan. (1736). Reasons Why We Should not Lower the coins now current in this Kingdom, Occasioned by a Paper Entitled, Remarks on the Coins current in this Kingdom. To which is added, The Rev. Dean Swift’s Opinion, Delivered by him, in an Assembly of above One hundred and fifty eminent Merchants who met at the Guild Hall, on Saturday the 24^th of April, 1736, in order to draw up their Petition, and Present it to his Grace the Lord-Lieutenant against lowering said Coin. Dublin: Printed and sold by E. Waters in Dame-street

Thorpe, C.A. (1901). How to invest and how to speculate, London

Turgot, M. (1774). Reflections on the Formation and Distribution of Wealth, by M.Turgot, Comptroller General of the Finances of France, In 1774, 1775 and 1776. Translated from the French "This Essay May be Considered as the Germ of the Treatise on "The Wealth of Nations, Written by the Celebrated Smith" Condorcet’s Life of Turgot. London: Printed by E. Spragg, For J. Good, Bookseller, No. 159, New Bond Street; John Anderson, No. 62, Holborn Hill; and W. Richardson, Royal Exchange. 1793 Reflections on the Formation and Distribution of Wealth.

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2. LITERATURE IN CONTINENTAL LANGUAGES BEFORE 1918

(?). (1858). Die Handelskrisis, mit besonderer Rücksicht auf das Bankwesen, Deutsche Vierteljahrschrift, p.256 ff.

(.?.). (1905). Der Kampf gegen den Zinswucher, ungerechten Preis und unlautern Handel im Mittelalter. Freiburg im Breisgau: Herdersche Verlagshandlung

Bachmann. (1898). Die Effektenspekulation mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der Ergebnisse der deutschen Börsenenquete. Sonderabdruck aus der "Zeitschrift für schweizerische Statistik".

Basch. (1900). Wirtschaftliche Weltlage, Börsen- und Geltmarkt im Jahre 1899, 10. Folge

Becher. (1868). Der Kredit und seine Organisation, Wien

Becker, Johann Joackim: Politische discours,

Belot, Emile. (). La révolution économique et monetaire qui eut lieu a Rome du III siecle avant l’ére chrétienne,

Bondi. (1897). Die Berufspflichten des Bankiers auf Grund der neuesten Gesetzgebung

Christians. (1893). Die deutschen Emmisionshäuser und ihre Emmisionen in den Jahren 1886-1891, Berlin

Cohn, Gustav. (1868). Die Börse und die Spekulation, Berlin: Lüderitz (Sammlung gemeinverständlicher wissenschaftlicher Vorträge, 3. Serie, H. 57)

Cohn. (1895). Beitrage zur deutschen Börsenreform, Leipzig

Cohn. (1895). Nationalökonomie des Handels- und Verkehrswesens, (System, vol.III, p.550 ff), Stuttgart

Cohn. (1901). Welche sind die Ursachen den gegenwärtigen Krisen

Conquelin. (1859). Le Crédit et les Banques, Paris

Courcelle-Seneuil. (1899). Les Opérations de Banque, 8.ed., for André Liesse, Paris

Cristof. (1900). Das Bankwesen, Klagenfurt

Ehrenberg. (1883). Die Fondsspekulation und die Gesetzgebung, Berlin

Eberstadt. (1901). Der deutsche Kapitalmarkt, p.105 ff., Leipzig

Endemann. (1895). Das moderne Börsenkommisionsgeschäft im Effektenverkehr

Deloume, Antonin. (). Les manieurs d’argent a Rome,

Doering, Valentin. (1913). Die Ansichten deutscher Kameralisten des 18.Jahrhunderts über das Kredit-und Bankwesen, Dissertation Erlangen, Bamberg

Dubost, Christopher. (1818). The elements of commerce: or treatise on different calculations, operations of exchange, arbritrations of exchange, speculations in exchange and banking operations, exchange circulations, operations of specie and bullion, pars of exchange and of coins, practical speculations in merchandize, description and tables of monies, weights and measures, and tables of logarithms, being a complete system of commercial calculations, 2^nd ed. London

Duchene, Georg.. (1867) La speculation devant les tribunaux: pratique et theorie de l’agiotage, Paris

Fallon, Valere. (1914), Les plus-values et l’impot: plus-values des terrains: villes, campagnes, speculation, monopole foncier, concentration, la terre et le droit de propriete, Henry Georges, single-taxers, Bodenreformer, imposition de la rente et des plus-values, legislation- Bruxelles: Van Fleteren, Paris: Rousseau, (Bibliotheque de la Societe d’etudes morales et juridiques, 9)

Ferraris. (1892). Principi di scienza bancaria, Mailand

Fichte, Johan Gotlob. (1800). Der geschlossene Handelsstaat, reprint: Hamburg: Flex Meiner Verlag, 1979

Gareis. (1874). Die Börse und die Gründungen, "Deutsche Zeit- und Streitfragen", Heft 41, Berlin

Geffroy, A. (1888). Du role de la richesse dans l’ancienne Rome sous la Republique,

Geyer. (1865). Banken und Krisen, Leipzig

Gotthelf, Jeremias. (1846). Geld und Geist, oder, Die Versöhnung, neue Ausg.Zürich: Drogenes, 1987 (Ausgewählte Werke in zwölf Bänden) (Diogenes Taschenbuch) ISBN 3-257-20561-9

Gruntzel, Josef. (1914). Wert und Preis. Eine theoretische Untersuchung nach realistischer Methode, München und Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot

Guillemot, Pierre. (1906). La speculation financiere: sa fonction economique, Dissertation Paris, Paris

Helfferich, Karl. (1916). Geld und Banken, 3. Aufl., unver., durch einen statistischen Nachtr. Erg. Neudr. Der zweiten Aufl. – Leipzig: Hirschfeld (Hand- und Lehrbuch der Staatswissenschaften, Bd. 8) Teil: Das Geld.

Hildebrand. (1867). Das Checksystem und das Clearinghouse in London, Jena

* Hilferding. (1912). Das Finanzkapital,

Hochstetter, Franz, (1933). Geld und Kredit. Als störer der moderner Tauschwirtschaft, Berlin: Militär-Verlag

Hocker. (1858). Sammlung von Statuten aller Aktienbanken,

Ischenhäuser. (1898). Bankkraft Berlins, Gegenwart, Leipzig

Jannet, Claudio. (1892). Le capital, la speculation et la finance au XIXe siecle, Paris: Plon, Nourrit et Cie

Jastrow, Ignaz. (1915). Geld und Kredit im Kriege, Jena: Fischer (Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv. Ergänzungsheft / Universität Kiel. Institut für Weltwirtschaft und Seeverkehr, 1)

Justi, Gottlob von. (1755). Staatswirtschaft,

Justi, Gottlob von. (1760). Die Grundfeste zu der Macht und der Staaten oder ausführliche Vorstellung der gesamten Polizeywissenschaft, Leipzig, Königsberg

Justi, Gottlob von. (1766). System des Finanzwesens,

Kautsch. (1901). Handbuch des Bank- und Börsenwesens, 2.ed., Berlin

Knies. (1858). Das heutige Bank- und Kreditwesen, Gegenwart, Band XI, p.294 ff., Leipzig

Knies. (1873-1876). Geld und Kredit, I-II, especially vol.II

Lefebvre, Pierre. (1899). Du fonctionnement de la speculation sur les valeurs de bourse, Lille, Dissertation Nancy.

Lefevre, H. (1870). Traite des valeurs mobilieres et des operations de bourse: placement et Speculation, Paris

Leist. (1914). Der internationale Kredit- und Zahlungsverkehr, Leipzig: Gloeckner (Gloeckners Handelsbücherei, Bd. 31)

Lexis, Wilhelm. (1917). Das Kredit- und Bankwesen, Neudr. – Berlin [etc.]: Goeschen (Sammlung Goeschen, 733)

* List, Friedrich. (1841). Das nationale System der politichen Ökonomie, 8 utg., Stuttgart und Berlin 1841, 1925.

List, Friedrich. (1927-36). Schriften, Reden, Briefe, 10 vols., Berlin

* List, Friedreich. (1827). Grundriss der amerikanischen politischen Ökonomie, Wiesbaden: Böttinger, 1996, translation of the original in English, Outlines of American Political Economy

Loeb. (1897). Die Wirkungen des Börsengesetz auf das Bank und Börsengeschäft, Jahrbücher für Nationalökonmie und Statistik (onrads Jahrbücher), III Folge. Bd. XIII, p.725 ff.

Loeb. (1902). Das Institut des Aufsichtsrats, Jahrbücher für Nationalökonmie und Statistik (Conrads Jahrbücher), III Folge. Bd. XXIII, p.1 ff.

Lotz. (1890). Technik des Emmisionsgeschäft. Erweiterter Sonderabdruck aus Schmoller’s "Jahrbuch", Vol.XIV, Heft 2, Leipzig

Lumm, von. (1891). Die Entwicklung des Bankwesens in Elsass-Lothringen seit der Annexion ("Staatswissenschaftliche Studien", ed, by Dr.Ludwig Elster, Vol.III, Heft 7), Jena

* Luxemburg, Rosa. (191X). Die Akkumulation des Kapitals

Marco, De Viti de. (1898). La Funzioni della Banca, Rome

Marx, Karl. (1894). Das Kapital, I-II, Vol.I, Ch.29, Hamburg

Mayer. Die Emision von Wertpapieren

Merten, F. (1867). Cours de sciences commerciales: comprenant tout ce qui concerne les institutions et les places de commerce, la correspondance commerciale, la comptabilite, les operations de banque, des etablissements de prevoyance, calles de bourse, du commerce de speculation, etc., etc.- Gand: Hoste

Michaelis. (18XX or 19XX). Volkswirtschaftliche Schriften, Vol.I, p.237 ff, Vol.II, p.3 ff, 198 ff, 301 ff., and 322 ff

Mises, Ludvig von. (1912). Theorie des Geldes und der Umlaufsmittel, München: Duncker & Humblot, 2^nd ed. 1924 English transl. 1934

Mises, Ludvig von. (1918). Zur Klassifikation der Geldtheorie, in Archiv für Sozialwissenschaft und Sozialpolitik, XXXIX:174-186

Mises, Ludvig von. (1924). Über Deflationspolitik, in Mitteilungen des Verbandes östereichischer Banken und Bankiers, 6(1/2):13-18

Model. (1896). Die grossen Berliner Effektenbanken, Jena

Mommsen, Th. (). Römishce Geschichte

Müller, Adam. (1808-09). Elemente der Staatskunst, Meersburg: F.W.Hendels Verlag, reprint: Berlin: Haude & Spenersche Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1936

Müller, Adam. (1816). Versuch einer neuen Theorie des Geldes,.

Müller, Adam. (18XX). Vom Geiste der Gemeinschaft, reprint 1931.

Neumann-Hofer. (1894). Depositengeschäfte und Depositenbanken, Leipzig

Obst, Georg. (1898). Der Depositen- und Kontokorrentverkehr, Stuttgart

Obst, Georg. (1899). Theorie und Praxis des Checkverkehrs, Stuttgart

Obst, Georg. (1900). Lehrbuch des Geld-, Bank- und Börsenwesens, Stuttgart

Patoux, A. (1899). De la liquidation par filieres des marches en speculation sur marchandises, Dissertation Paris, Paris,

Patterson. (1867). Der Krieg der Banken, translated

Perot. (1873). Der Bank-, Börsen- und Aktienschwindel, Rostock

Petrazycki, L. von. (1906). Aktienwesen und Spekulation: eine ökonomische und rechtspsychologische Untersuchung, aus dem Russisschen ins Deutsch übertragen unter Red. Und mit einem Vorwort des Verfassers, Berlin: Müller

Pfleger and Gschwindt. (1896-1897). Börsenreform in Deutschland, "Münchener volkswirtschaftliche Studien, Nr.15,16,22

Phillipovich. (1899). Grundriss der politischen Ökonomie, 1. & 2. Ed., vol.II, 1. Part, p.280, Freiburg i Br.

Price. (1877). Geld und Bankwesen, German translation, Berlin

Roscher, Wilhelm. (1874). Geschichte der National-Ökonomie in Deutschland, München: R.Oldenbourg, Düsseldorf: photographic reprint, Verlag Virtschaft und Finanzen Gmbh., 1992

Roscher. (1881). System der Volkswirtschaft, 2.ed., Vol.III, p.275 ff, Stuttgart

Rota. (1885). Principi di scienza bancaria, 3.ed., Mailand

Rössig, K.G. (1781). Versuch einer pragmatischen Geschichte der Ökonomie, Polizei und Kameralwissenschaft

Sattler. (1890). Die Effektenbanken, Leipzig

Sayous, Andre-E. (1900). La speculation sur les fanons et l’huile de baleine en Hollande, au XVIIe siecle: memoire lu a l’Academie des sciences morales et philosophiques dans la séance du 7 juillet 1900, Parisp., Overdr.: H. Verge et P. de Boutarel, Compte rendu de l’Academie des sciences morales et politiques.

Sayous, André-E. (1901). Les Banques de Depot, Paris

Scharling. (1900). Bankpolitik, Jena

Schaub, Franz. (1905). Der Kampf gegen den Zinswucher, ungerechten Preis und unlautern Handel im Mittelalter,Freiburg im Breisgau: Herdersche Verlagshandlung

Schäffle. (1873). Das gesellschaftliche System der menschlichen Wirtschaft, I-II, 3.ed., vol.II, p.143 and 146 ff, Tübingen

* Schmoller, Gustav. (1909). Skizze der einer Finanzgeschichte von Frankreich, Östereich, England und Preussen (1500-1900), Historische Betrachtungen über Staatenbildung und Finanzentwicklung, Sonderandruck aus dem Jahrbuch für Gesetzgebung, Verwaltung und Volkswirtschaft in Deutschen reich, Jahrg. XXXIII, Heft 1. Leipzig: Verlag von Ducker und Humblot (64)

Schnapper. (1900). Zur Entwicklung des englischen Depositenbankwesens, Zürich

Schraut. (1883). Die Organisation des Kredits, Leipzig

Schumpeter, J.A. (1908). Das Wesen und der Hauptinhalt der theoretischen Nationalökonomie, 2. Aufl.,Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, reprint 1970

Schumpeter, J.A. (1917). Das Sozialprodukt und die Rechenpfennige,

Schwarz, O. (1911). Diskontpolitik: Gedanken über englischen französische und deutsche Bank-Kredit- und Goldpolitik, Leipzig

Schönberg. (1898). Handbuch der politischen Ökonomie, 4.ed., Vol.I, Tübingen

Serra, Antonio. (1613).

Seyd. (1874). Das LondonerBank-, Ceck-, und Clearinghouse-System, German edition by Otto Sjöström,

Leipzig

Siemens. (1883). Die Lage des Checkwesens in Deutschland, Berlin

* Simmel, Georg. (1907). Philosophie des Geldes, 2^nd ed., 1^st ed.1900,

Sombart, Werner. (1913). Krieg und Kapitalismus, München und Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot

* Sombart, Werner. (1916). Moderner Kapitalismus, I-IV, München und Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot

Sonnenfels, Joseph von. (1767). Gründsetze der Polizey, Handlung und Finanzwissenschaft,

Steinberg, Julius. (1915). Geld und Kredit im Kriege, Bonn: Marcus und Weber Struck. (1881). Die Effektenbörse. Eine Vergleichung deutscher und englischer Zustände ("Staats- und sozialwissenschaftliche Forschungen", ed. By Gustav Schmoller, Vol.III, heft 3), Leipzig

Telschow. (1893). Der Geschäftsverkehr mit der Reichsbank,6.ed., Leipzig

Vega, Joseph de la. (1720). Confusion de Confusiones, Amsterdam (English ed.:The Great Mirror of Folly)

Vesanis, Sotirios. (1895). Über das Verhältnis der Vermehrung der Zinskapitalinhaber und der Zinskapitalien, Berlin: Puttkammer & Mühlbrecht

Vosberg. (1901). Die Katastrophe in unseren Aktienunternehmung und die Gestetzgebung über deren Reservefonds, Gegenwart, p. 177 ff., Leipzig

Vuitry, A. (1885). Le desordre des finances et les exces de la speculation a la fin du regne de Louis XIV et au commencement du regne de Louis XV, Paris

Wachtel. (1899). Bank und Börsenverkehr, Wien

* Wagner, Adolf. (1899). Finanzwissenschaft, Leipzig

Wagner, Adolf. (1901). Bankbrüche und Bankkontrollen, Deutsche Monatsschrift für das gesamte Leben der Gegenwart, Berlin

Wagner, A.D.H. (1912?). Finanzwissenscaft, Britische Besteuerung im19.Jahrhundert und bis zu Gegenwart 1815-1910). Vol.2(3), 2.utg., Leipzig 1912.

Waltershausen, A.Sartorius Freiherrn von. (1907). Kapitalanlage im Auslande, Berlin: Georg Reimer

* Weber, Adolph. (1902). Depositenbanken und Spekulationsbanken. Ein Vergleich deutschen und englischen Bankwesens, Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot

Weber, Adolph. (1910). Der Kampf zwischen Kapital und Arbeit, Tübingen: Mohr

Weishut. (1898?). Der Effektenumsatz und die Börsengeschäfte, 2.ed.

Wirth. (1870). Handbuch des Bankwesens, Köln
 
 

3. LITERATURE IN SCANDINAVIAN BEFORE 1918

* Aschehoug, Thorvald. (1903, 1905 & 1908). Socialøkonomik, En videnskabelig fremstilling af det menneskelige samfunds økonomiske virksomhed, I-III, Kristiania: Aschehoug & Co. (Comment: The first major general work on economics in Norwegian, a scholarly work by a a )

* Carey, Henry Charles. (1853 & 1855). Grunderna af Nationalekonomien I & II, Wahlstrøm & Co., Upsala

Einarsen, Einar. (1895). Begrepet "Kapital" i økonomien, Kristiania: Aschehoug (Supplement to: Statsøkonomisk Tidsskrift, 1895

Einarsen, Einar. (1904). Gode og daarlige tider: en undersøkelse med særligt hensyn til den økonomiskeudvikling I Norge og Danmark i den sidste menneskealder, Kristiania: Gyldendal

* Hilferding, Rudolf. (1912). Finanskapitalen, Copenhagen: Rhodos, 1976, translated from the original in German, Das Finanzkapital

Hertzberg, Ebbe. (1877). Om kredittens begrep og vesen, Kristiania: Malling

Lenin, V.I. (1917). Imperialismen som kapitalismens høyeste stadium,Oslo: Elan 1969

List, Friedrich. (1840). Innförselsfrihet och skyddsförfattningar, betraktade från erfarenhetens och Historiens synspunkt, Stockholm: Norstedt & Söner(xi + 70)

List, Friedrich. (1840). Om Vigten och Betydelsen af Sløjder och Manufakturer för et Samhälle, Stockholm: Hörbergska Boktrykkeriet (xxiii + 112)

* List, Friedrich. (1888). Det nationalekonomiska systemet, Stockholm

* Luxemburg, Rosa. (191X). Kapitalens akkumulasjon, Copenhagen: Rhodos, 1976, translated from the original in German, Die Akkumulation des Kapitals

Scharling, Wilhelm. (1900). Bankpolitik, 2.ed. 1903, Copenhagen: Gad

* Scharling, Wilhelm. (1907). Samfundsproduktionen med særlig henblikk på dens historiske udvikling, 2 vols., G.E.C.Gad, Kjøbenhavn 1907

* Snellmans, Johan Vilhelm. (1894-98). Samlade Arbeten, Vol.I-X, Helsingfors (Helsinki): Helsingfors Central-Tryckeri (especially vol.V-VI)

Wicksell, Knut. (1907). Förelesninger i nationalekonomi,Stockholm:, reprint Copenhagen: Gleerups,1966

Wulff, Nic.Hertel. (1912). Penge. En populær fremstilling af pengenes tilblivelse og virken i nutidens samfund, København og Kristiania: Gyldendalske Boghandel Nordisk Forlag

1. BETWEEN 1918 AND 1931 (1945): FINANCIAL CAPITALISM

 

 
 
 
 
 

2. LITERATURE IN ENGLISH, 1918-1945

 

 

(.?.) (19XX). Survey of japanese finance and industry, Tokyo

(.?.). (1924). The panic of 1837: some financial problems of the Jacksonian era, Chicago [etc.]: Univ. of

Chicago press, [1965]. Org. 1924. Phoenix books. 202.)

(.?.). (1931). Grain futures and speculation, Canadian Wheat Pool, Winnipeg

Allen, Frederick Lewis. (1938). The Lords of Creation. The Story of the Great Age of American Finance,

London: Hamish Hamilton

Anderson Jr, B.M.. (1919). Effects of the war on money, credit and banking in France and the United States –

New York [etc.]: Oxford University Press (Preliminary economic studies of the war, no. 15) Carnegie

Endowment for International Peace. Division of Economics and History.

Atwood, A.W. (1919). The exchanges and speculation, New York (Modern business, vol. 20)

Baruch, B.M. (1921). American Industry in the War, A Report of the War Industries Board, Washington D.C.

Bogart,E.L. (1921). War Costs and Their Financing, New York

Brand, R.H. (1921). War and International Finance, London: Edward Arnold

Canney, E.E. (1930). What money scarcity means to you: its effects on industry, agriculture, trade, works and

wages, 2^nd ed. – Manchester

Chamberlain, Lawrence and Will. Wren Hay. (1931). Investment and speculation, New York

Clark, J.M. and W.H.Hamilton, H.G.Moulton. (eds.). (1918). Readings in the Economics of War, Chicago

Cole, G.D.H. (1935). Economic Planning, reissued: Port Washington NY: Kennikat Press, 1971

Commons, John R. (1939). Legal Foundations of Capitalism, New York: Macmillan MU EAB 883

Committee on finance and industry. (1931). Minutes of evidence taken before the Committee on finance and

industry, London, 2 Vol., 4

Corti, Count Egon Caesar. (before 1928). The Rise of the House of Rothchild, translated from the original in

German, New York: Cosmopolitan Book Corp., 1928

Dalton, Hungh… [et. Al.]. (1934). Unbalanced bridgets: a study of the financial crisis in fifteen countries,

London: Routledge

Dubois, Armand Budington. (1938). The English business company after the Bubble act, 1720-1800- New York:

The Commonwealth Fund, London: Humphrey Milford, Oxford University Press (Publications of the

Foundation for research in legal history, Columbia University School of Law)

Fisher, Irving. (1920). Stabilizing the dollar: a plan to,

Fisher, Irving. (1920). The purchasing power of money: its determination and relation to credit interest

and crises , assisted by Harry G. Brown. – New and rev. ed. New York: Macmillan,

* Fisher, Irving. (1928). The Money Illusion & Related Writings, London: Allen & Unwin 1929, also: Pickering

Masters Series

Fisher, Irving. (1930). The stock market crash – and after, New York: Macmillan

Fisher, Irving. (1933). Inflation?, assisted by Herbert W. Fisher, London: Allen & Unwin

Fisher, Irving. (1933). Booms and Depressions, London: Allen & Unwin

* Fisher, Irving. (1934). Mastering the Crisis. With Additional Chapter on Stamp Scrip, London: Allen & Unwin

Fisher, Irving. (1935). Stabilised money: a history of th,

Fisher, Irving. (1935). 100 % money. Designed tokeep the checking banks 100% liquid; to prevent inflation

and deflation; largely to cure or prevent depressions; and to wipe out much of the national debt , New

York: Adelphi

* Fisher, Irving. (ed.). (1935). The Meaning of Money, (Irving Fisher’s World Authorities on…),Consumer Guild

of America, New York: Empire Books

Frisch, Ragnar. (1934). Circulation Planning, Econometrica, pp.258-336

Foxwell, Herbert Somerton. (1919). Papers in Current Finance, London

Gordon, Rober Aron. (1952). Business Fluctuations, New York

Hauser, Henri. (1930). The European financial crisis of 1559, Boston, From: Journal of economic

and business history.

* Hayek, Frederick A. (1939). Profits, Interest and Investments, London: Routledge & Kegan, 3 impr. 1969

* Hayek, Frederick A. (1933). Monetary Theory and the Trade Cycle, London, reprint 1975

Hecht, John S. (1920). The real wealth of nations or a new civilization and its economics foundations, London

Herzog, P.W. (1928). The Morris plan of industrial banking, Chigago etc.

Heckscher, Eli. (1933). Importance of the Financial Forces of a Country for Carrying on War. Possibility of

Credits Abroad, in What Would Be the Character of a New War? Enquiry organized by the Inter-

Parliamentary Union, Geneva and New York

Hicks, John. (1939 & 1946). Value and Capital An inquiry into some fundamental principles of economic

theory, 2.ed. 1946, Oxford: Clarendon Press

Hobson, John A. (1919). Taxation in the New State, London: Methuen

Hobson, John A. (1918). Richard Cobden: The International Man, London: J.M.Dent

Hobson, John A. (1926). Free Thought in the Social Sciences, London: Allen & Unwin

Hobson, John A. (1929). Wealth and Life, London: Macmillan

Hobson, John A. (1938). Confessions of an Economic Heretic, With an Introduction by M.Freeden, Brighton:

Harvester Press, reprint 1976

Holmes, George J. (1930). Investment and speculation in theory and practice, London: Macmillan and Eyre &

Spottiswoode (Macmillan’s sixpenny library, vol.7)

House of Representatives, (1928). Stabilization: hearings before the Committee on banking and currency, 17^th

congress, 1^st session on H.R. 11806: (Superseding H.R. 7895, 69^th congress): a bill to amend the act

approved December 23, 1913, known as the Federal Reserve Act; to define certain policies toward which the

powers of the Federal Reserve System shall be directed; to further promote the maintenance of a stable

goldstandard; to promote the stability of commerce, industry, agriculture, and employment; to assist in

realizing a more stable purchasing power of the dollar; and for other purposes. – New York

Inouye, Junnosuke. (1927). The financial crisis in Japan, Honolulu, Prelim. Paper prep. For 2^nd General session

of the Institute of Pacific Relations

Josephson, Matthew. (1934). The Robber Barons, New York: Hartcourt, Brace and Co.

Kempster, J.W.. (1932). Banking, credit and the crisis, London: London General Press

* Keynes, J.M. (1923). A tract on monetary reform,London: MacMillan

Keynes, J.M. (1926). The End of Laissez-Faire, London: Leonard & Virginia Woolf

* Keynes, J.M. (1930). A Treatise on Money,2 Vols.London: MacMillan

Keynes, J.M. (1933). The Means to Prosperity, London: Macmillan

Keynes, J.M. (1939). The Income and Fiscal Potetial of Great Britain, Economic Journal, London

Keynes, J.M. (1940). How to Pay for the War, New York

* Kindleberger, Charles Poor. (1937). International short-term capital movements, Repr. New York: Augustus

M.Kelley 1965, 1^st pr. 1937.

Kirkaldy, A.W. (1917). Industry and finance: war expedients and reconstruction, being the results of enquiries

arranged by the section of economic science and statistics of the british association during the years 1916

and 1917 - London [etc.], Publ. By authority of the council.

* Knight, Frank. (1921). Risk, Uncertainty and Profit, Thesis, Cornell University, Boston & New York:

Houghton Mifflin, Cambridge: The Riverside Press

Labour Research , (1929,1937-1939). London (magazine)

Laughlin, J.Laurence. (1919). Credit of the nations: a study of the European war, London [etc.]: [s.n.]

Levy, Hermann. (1936). The new industrial system: A study of the origin, forms, finance, and prospects of

concentration in industry, London

Martin, H.S. (1919). The New York stock exchange: a discussion of the business done: its relation to other

business, to investment, speculation and gambling: the safequards provided by the exchange and the means

taken to improve the character of speculation, New York

McVey, F.L. (1918). The Financial History of Great Britain, New York

Melville, Lewis. (1921). The South Sea bubble, London: O’Connor

Mendershausen, Horst. (1940). The Economics of War, New York: Prentice-Hall

Michelson, A.N. & Kokovzov, Apostol, Bernatzky. (1928). Russian public finance during the war. – New

Haven: Yale University Press, London: Milford, Oxford University Press, (Economic and social history of

the world war. Russian series) (Publications of the Carnegie Endowment for international Peace. Division of

Economics and history) Bevat: Revenue and expenditure / by Alexander M. Michelson, with introd. By V.N.

Kokovzov, Credit operations / by Paul N. Apostol, Monetary policy / by Michael W. Bernatzky

Miller, Margaret S. (1926). The economic development of Russia, 1905-1914: with special reference to trade,

industry, and finance, London (Studies in economics and political science. Series of monographs by writers

connected with the London School of Economics and Political Science, no. 85)

Mises, Ludvig von. (1929). Verstatlichung des Kredits? In Zeitschrift für Nationalökonomie, I(3): 430-439

Translated into enflish and published in:

Mitchell, W.C. (1927). Bysiness Cycles, the Problem and its Setting, New York, reprint 1963

Moon, P.Th. (ed.). (1930). Business, speculation and money: a series of addresses and papers presented at the

annual meeting of the Academy of political science, November 22, 1929, New York (Proceedings of the

Academy of Political Science / Academy of Political Science, New York, vol. 13, no. 4)

Moon, P.Th.. (ed.). (1932). The crisis in world finance and trade: a series of addresses and papers presented at

the semi-annual meeting of the Academy of Political Science, April 13, 1932, New York (Proceedings /

Academy of Political Science, vol. XV, no. 1)

Moore, H.L. (1923). Generating Economic Cycles, New York

Mottram, R.H. (1929). A history of financial speculation, London

Nadler, Marcus and Jules I. Bogen. (1934). The banking crisis, London

Nurkse, Ragnar. (1933). The Problem of Capital Formation in Underdeveloped Countries, New York / Oxford:

Blackwell.

O’Reilly. G.A. (1918). The relation of industrial chemistry to banking, New York (Irving National Bank, vol. 2,

no. 3)

Oudard, Georges. (1928). The amazing life of John Law, the man behind the Mississippi bubble, transl. By

G.E.C. Masse. – New York

Owens, R.N. and Ch.O. Hardy. (1925). Interest rates and stock speculation: a study of the influence of the

money market on the stock market, London

Parker, William. (1920). The Paris Bourse and French finance: with reference to organized speculation

in New York, New York (Studies in history, economics and public law, 89, no. 3, whole no. 204) Originally

presented as the author’s thesis, Columbia, 1920

* Peel, George. (1925). The financial crisis of France, London: MacMillan

Pigou, A.C. (1920). The economics of welfare, London: Macmillan

Pigou, A.C. (1920). A capital levy and a levy on war wealth, London: Humphrey Milford

Pigou, A.C. (1921). The Political Economy of War, London:

Pigou, A.C. (1927). Industrial fluctuations, London: Macmillan

Pigou, A.C. (1929). A study in public finance, London, 3^rd rev. ed. London: MacMillan, 1962.

Pigou, A.C. (1933). The theory of unemployment, London: Frank Cass

Pigou, A.C. (1937). Socialism versus capitalism, London: Macmillan

Pigou, A.C. (1945). Lapses from full employment, London: MacMillan

Robbins, Lionel. (1939). The Economic Causes of War, London: Jonathan Cape

Ross, James A.R. (1938). Speculation, stock prices and industrial fluctuations: a study of the effects of stock

speculation on stock price movemenst and the influence of these movements on production and business –

New York: Ronald Press.

Rostow, W.W. (1941). Business Cycles, Harvests, and Politics, in: Economic History Review 1, 1941. (16) (206

-21)

Rowe, L.S. (1918). Early effects of the European War upon the finance, commerce and industry of Chile, New

York [etc.]: Oxford University Press (Preliminary economic studies of the war) Carnegie Endowment for

International Peace, Division of Economics and History.

Rowe, L.S. (1920). Early effects of the war upon the finance, commerce and industry of Peru, New York [etc.]:

Oxford University Press (Preliminary economic studies of the war, no.17) Carnegie Endowment for

International Peace, Division of Economics and History.

Saulnier, Raymond J. (1940). Industrial banking companies and their credit practices, New York: National

Bureau of Economic Research (Studies in consumer instalment financing, 4)

* Schumpeter, Joseph Alois. (1934) The Theory of Economic Development. An Inquiry into Profits, Capital,

Credit,Interest, and the Business Cycle , Cambridge: Harvard U.P., reprinted: London Oxford U.P. 1978

(translated from the German original)

Schumpeter, J.A. (1943). Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy, London: Unwin University Books.

Shortt, Adam. (19XX). Early economic effects of the European War upon Canada,

* Smith, Vera C. (1936). The Rationale of Central Banking and the Free Banking Alternative, London: King,

Reprinted by Liberty Fund, Indianapolis In., 1990

Sokolski, A.M. (1932). The great American land bubble: the amazing story of land-grabbing,speculations, and

booms from colonial days to the present time, Repr. – New York [etc.]: Johnson Reprint Corporation, 1966.

(History of American economy) Fotomech. From the ed.: New York [etc.]: Harper, 1932

Staley, Eugene. (1935). War and the Private Investor, Chicago: Chicago University Press

Taussig, F.W. (1939). Principles of Economics, 4 ed., 2 vols., New York: Macmillan (1911)

Thomas, S. Evelyn. (1931). British banks and the finance of industry, London: King

Viner, J. (1920). Who Paid for the War? Journal of Political Economy, Vol.28, January 1920

* Wade, A.S. (1926). Modern finance and industry: a plain account of the British financial systems and of its

functions in relation to industry and commerce, London [etc.]

Wagemann, Ernst. (1930). Economic Rhythm: A Theory of Business Cycles, New York
 
 

3. LITERATURE IN CONTINENTAL LANGUAGES, 1918-1945

 

 

(.?.). (1919). Geld und Kredit. – 3. Und 4. Aufl. – Berlin: Walter de Gruyter (Textbücher zu Studien über

Wirtschaft und Staat, 4)

(.?.). (1919). Le delit de speculation illicite [art. 10 de la loi du 20 avril 1916], Lille: Dissertation Lille.

(.?.). (1920). L’accaparement et la speculation illicite. – Bordeaux, Dissertation Bordeaux.

(.?.). (1924). La speculation et les troubles monetaires. – Paris: Les Presses Univ. de France

(.?.). (1927). La speculation illicite, Bone, Dissertation Algiers.

(.?.). (1935). Geld – Kredit – Banken, München: Duncker & Humblot, (Leitfäden der Volkswirtschaftslehre)

Schreiber, Hans. (ed.). (19XX). Wie schützt sich der Kapitalist vor Verlusten an der Börse?: ein

unentbehrlicher Ratgeber für Kapitalanalge und Spekulation, Berlin

Aboul-Ela, Hanafi. (1930). La speculation en Bourse: son influence economique et morale, these pour le

doctorat……., Dissertation P aris, Paris: les Presses universitaires de France

Backes, Gert. (1940). La speculation financiere: essai sur sa nature, ses abus et sa reglementation par L’etat,

Dissertation Geneve, Lugano

Bark, Georg R. (1929). Boden als Geld: ein Beitrag zur Geschichte des Papiergeldes, Dissertation Berlin,

Berlin: Emil Ebering, Eberings "Volkswirtschaftliche Studien", (Partial ed.).

Beckert, Werner. (1935). Banknoten-Monopol und Kredit-Krise: (ist die Monopolstellung der Reichsbank für

den Zusammenbruch des deutschen Kreditapparates mitverantwortlich zu machen?), Disseration München,

Ochsenfurt am Main

Bonn, M.J. (1927). Geld und Geist: vom Wesen und Werden der amerikanischen Welt, Berlin: Fischer

Boven, Pierre. (1924). Le prix normal: essai sur lalutte contre les crises economiques et la speculation illicite,

Paris (Bibliotheque politique et economique)

Eheberg, Karl Theodor von. (1926). Grundriss der Finanzwissenschaft, Leipzig & Erlagen: A.Deichtert’sche

Verlagsbuchhandlung Dr Werner Soll

Elster, Karl. (1920). Die Seele des Geldes,

* Eucken, Walter. (1940). Die Grundlagen der Nationalökonomie, Godesberg: Verlag Helmut Kupper, vormals

Georg Bondi, 1947

Gotthelf, Jeremias. (1941). Geld und Geist. – Der Geltstag, Naunhof [etc.] (Grosse deutsche Ausgabe, hrsg. Von

Hans Loewe, 9)

Hahn, L. Albert. (1924). Geld und Kredit: gesammelte Aufsätze, I-II, Tübingen: Mohr

Hahn, L.A. (1931). Kredit und Krise: ein Vortrag über Aufgaben und Grenzen der Monetären

Konjunkturpolitik, Tübingen: Mohr

Heymann, Hans. (1921). Die Welt-Kredit- und –Finanzreform: ein Aufruf zum Solidarismus, Berlin: Rowohlt

Honegger, Hans. (1929). Der schöpferische Kredit, Jena: Fischer

* Knapp, Georg Friedrich. (1923). Statstheorie des Geld.

Köppel, Wilhelm [und] Hans Paschke. (1923). Devisennotverordnung: Verordnung gegen die Spekulation in

ausländischen Zahlungsmittels vom 12. Oktober 1922, Berlin

* Lautenbach, Wilhelm. (1937). Über Kredit und Produktion, Frankfurt a. M.: Societäts-Verlag

Leiskow, Hanns. (1929). Spekulation und öffentliche Meinung in der ersten Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts,

Jena (Münchener volkswirtschaftliche Studien, Neue Folge, Heft 12)

Lewinsohn, R. et F. Pick. (1933). La bourse: les diverses formes de la speculation dans les grandes bourses

Mondiales, Paris (Bibliotheque politique et economique)

Marmion, Jean. (1925). Etude sur le projet de loi relatif a la speculation illicite vote par la Chambre des

deputes le 15 mars 1924, Dissertation Paris, Paris

Martin, Charles. (1922). La speculation illicite sur les denrees et marchandises: legislation,

jurisprudence, reformes en preparation, Dissertation Dijon: Dijon

Mary, Jules. (1923). Etude juridique du delit de speculation illicite sur denrees et marchandises et de la

reforme des articles 419-420 du Code penal, Toulouse Dissertation, Poitiers

Maurice, Xavier. (1922). La speculation sur les loyers, Dissertation Paris: Paris

* Mises, Ludvig von. (1929). Verstatlichung des Kredits? In Zeitschrift für Nationalökonomie, I(3): 430-439

Nonaka, Tetsuya und Hans Müller. (1925). Vom Wesen und Wert des Geldes: die psychische Natur des Geldes

und der Einfluss der Spekulation auf seinen Wert, Berlin (Volkswirtschaftliche Studien, 11)

Obst, Georg. (1921). Das Bankgeschäft, 1.Band: Verkehrstechnik und Betriebseinrichtiungen, 2. Band:

Bankpolitik, 1^st ed. 1914, Stuttgart: Carl Ernst Pöshcel Verlag

Ortega y Gasset, José. (1942). Das Wesen geschichtlicher Krisen, Stuttgart: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt

Owesny, Hans. (1924). Geld und Geldwesen der Geld- (Kredit-) Wirtschaft, Leipzig: Drugulin

Päch, Georg. (1931). Kreislauf: Konjunktur und Kredit, Berlin [etc.] (Betriebs- und finanzwirtschaftliche

Forschungen. Serie 2, Heft 53)

Pella, Vespasien V. (1920). Le delit de speculation illicite, avec preface de Alfred Le Poittevin, Paris: Sagot &

Cie

Priester, H.E. (1936). Das deutsche Wirtschaftwunder, Amsterdam

Prion, W. (1938). Das deutsche Finanzwunder. Die Geldbeschaffung für den deutschen Wirtschaftaufschwung,

Berlin-Wilmersdorf: Der Betriebswirt Franke & Co.

Rathenau, Walter. (1922). Schriften und Reden,Auswahl und Nachwort von Hans Werner Richter, Frankfurt

a.M.: S.Fischer Verlag, 1964, in particular p.398: Produktionspolitik

Röpke, Wilhelm. (1937). Die Lehre von der Wirtschaft, Wien: Julius Springer, new eds. Later

Royal Treasury. (1931). Report Committee on finance and industry, presented to Parliament by the financial

secretary to the Treasury by command of His Majesty, June, 1931, London

Schmölders, Günter. (1938). Geld und Kredit: Probleme der Wirtschaftspolitik, Leipzig: Bibliographisches

Institut (Meyers kleine Handbücher, 14)

* Schmoller, Gustav. (1923). Grundriss der Allgemeinen Volkswirtschaftslehre, I-II, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin

Schumpeter, J.A. (192?). Das Wesen des Geldes, late 1920’s, published in 1970

Schwenk, Ernst. (1937). Kredit-, Lohn- und Investitionskontrolle: ein Beitrag zur Konjunkturpolitik,

Dissertation Tübingen, Tübingen

Terhalle, Fritz. (1936). Leitfaden der deutschen Finanzpolitik, München und Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot

Tinbergen, Jan. (1934). Der Einfluss der Kaufskraftsregulierung auf den Konjunkturverlauf, Zeitschrift für

Nationalökonomie ,

Wagemann, Ernst. (1940). Wo kommt das viele Geld her?Geldschöpfung und Finanzlenkung in Krieg und

Frieden , Düsseldorf: Völkischer Verlag

Wasserman, M.J. (1925). L’oeuvre de la Federal Trade Commission: la derniere phase de la legislation

americaine contre les trusts, la speculation illicite et les prat iques commerciales deloyales , avec une pref.

De Edouard Lambert, Paris (Bibliotheque de l’Institut de droit compare de Lyon, tome 13)

Weber, Adolf. (1929). Ende des Kapitalismus. Die Notwendigkeit freier Erwerbswirtschaft, München: Max

Hueber Verlag

Weber, Adolf. (1939). Geld, Banken, Börsen, München: Richard Pflaum Verlag

Weber, Adolf. (1947). Die neue Weltwirtschaft,München: Richard Pflaum Verlag
 
 

4. LITERATURE IN SCANDINAVIAN, 1918-1945

Aakerman, Johan. (1928). Om det ekonomiska livets rytmik, Stockholm

Aarum, Thorvald. (1918). Penge, kredit og priser. En utredning om aarsakene til pengeverdiens fald, Kristiania:

        Aschehoug

* Aarum, Thorvald. (1924 and 1928). Læren om samfundets økonomi I-II, Bind I, Teoretisk Socialøkonomik,

Kristiania: Det Mallingske Bogtrykkeri 1924 og Bind II, Næringspolitik og socialpolitik, Oslo: Olaf Norli,

1928

Bauer, Fritz. (1944). Pengar, i går, idag och morgon, Stockholm: Natur och Kultur

* Brøgger, Kr.Fr. (1926-28). Kredittlivets utvikling og nutidens forretningsbanker, I-II, Oslo: Aschehoug

Brøgger, Kr.Fr. (1928). Realkredittens organisasjon. En orientering i anledning av det nye hypotekinstitutt for

næringslivet , Oslo: Aschehoug

Brøgger, Kr.Fr. (1930). Aktiespekulasjon. Børs og samfundsliv i Rom for 2000 år siden, Oslo: Aschehoug

Brøgger, Kr.Fr. (1932). Gullfeber. En advokats opptegnelser fra siste jobbetid, Oslo: Aschehoug

Brøgger, Kr.Fr. (1938). Når aksjespekulasjonen raser i samfundet, Oslo: Aschehoug

Brøgger, Kr.Fr. (1941). Romerske Finansbaroner og kurtisaner på Ciceros tid, Oslo: Jacob Dybvads Forlag

Brøgger, Kr.Fr. (1942). Pengefyrsten, Oslo: Nasjonalforlaget

Frisch, Ragnar. (1932). Statens plikt til circulasjonsregulering, (Written in a hurry, December 10-12,1932)

Memorandum from the Department of Economics, University of Oslo, January 11,1951

Frisch, Ragnar. (1933). Sparing og cirkulasjonsregulering, Oslo: Fabritius & Sønners Forlag

Hoffstad, E. (1928). Det norske privatbankvesens historie, Oslo: Forretningliv

* Keilhau, Wilhelm. (1933).

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Overgang til ny pengeenhet: rettsøkonomisk utredning utarbeidet efter oppdrag av

pengekomiteen ,. Oslo: Aschehoug

Nielsen, Axel. (1930). Bankpolitik, Copenhagen: Hagerup

Ræstad, Arnold. (1934). Penger, valuta og gull. Oslo: Aschehoug

Schønheyder, K. (1927). Produksjonscyclerne og krisen, Statsøkonomisk Tidskrift

Sinding, Thomas. (1935). Socialøkonomisk teori, Oslo: Johan Grundt Tanum

Sinding, Thomas. (1938). Pengevesen og konjunktur, Oslo: Johan Grundt Tanum

Vogt, Johan. (1937). Dogmenes sammenbrudd innenfor den socialøkonomiske vitenskap, Aschehoug, Oslo

3. BETWEEN (1931) 1945 AND (1971) 1982:

INDUSTRIAL CAPITALISM (BRETTON WOODS)